Rongotai Investments Ltd v Land Valuation Tribunal
Jurisdiction | New Zealand |
Court | High Court |
Judge | Cooke J |
Judgment Date | 08 April 2020 |
Neutral Citation | [2020] NZHC 730 |
Docket Number | CIV-2019-485-662 |
Date | 08 April 2020 |
IN THE MATTER of the application for judicial review of a Land Valuation Tribunal hearing in respect of objections under the Rating Valuations Act 1998 and the Land Valuation Proceedings Act 1948
UNDER THE Judicial Review Procedure Act 2016
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[2020] NZHC 730
Cooke J
CIV-2019-485-662
IN THE HIGH COURT OF NEW ZEALAND
WELLINGTON REGISTRY
I TE KŌTI MATUA O AOTEAROA
TE WHANGANUI-A-TARA ROHE
Civil Procedure — application for costs by the respondents — whether two costs awards should be given or a single costs award to be shared — High Court Rules 2016
S Mills QC and M R Wolff for Applicants
No appearance for the First Respondent
K P Sullivan for the Second, Fifth and Eighth Respondents
S V McKechnie and J R Meager for the Third Respondent
No appearance for the Fourth Respondent
No appearance for the Sixth Respondent
D Jones for the Seventh Respondent
(Costs)
The respondents who successfully opposed the applicants' application for interim orders now seek costs. In my judgment dismissing that application I set out a preliminary view that the opposing respondents were entitled to costs on a 2B basis, but whether that should be two costs awards, or a single costs award to be shared was a matter to be addressed. 1
The third respondent (“Bunnings”) and the parties represented by Mr Sullivan (the second, fifth and eighth respondents) each now seeks costs on a 2B basis. The applicants (“Rongotai”) oppose arguing that there should either be no costs award, or that more limited costs should be awarded. It is accepted that any costs awarded should be calculated on a 2B basis.
The memorandum of counsel for Rongotai raises questions of principle concerning the award of costs in relation to judicial review claims. In the circumstances I will address those principles first, and then determine the appropriate outcome in this case.
Claims for judicial review can raise distinct costs issues that may not be expressly addressed by the detailed costs rules in Part 14 of the High Court Rules
2016. Given that there is potentially a greater need for the application of the discretion under r 14.1 when determining the appropriate costs outcome. The principles set out in r 14.2, and the balance of the rules set out in Subpart 1 of Part 14, nevertheless provide the starting point for the assessmentIn a classical judicial review challenge to the exercise of a statutory power of decision by a governmental body, the active respondent will normally be the decision-maker. 2 But other parties may wish to participate in the proceedings because the challenge affects their interests. They can be involved as named respondents, or participate in other ways such as interested parties. Precisely how they are involved, and whether they are involved as a named respondent, is a matter for judicial determination. 3 Often such parties will be supporting the decision of the decision-maker, although that is not always the case. The Court is often assisted by the participation of such parties, and in any event such parties may have distinct interests that warrant their participation.
An issue can emerge for such cases if the judicial review claim is not successful, and all named respondents seek costs. That can be seen as potentially unjust, particularly if an applicant for review faces multiple costs claims, yet would only be entitled to a single award if successful. The right of access to the court to pursue judicial review is a fundamental one, recognised by s 27(2) of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990. It is features of this kind that have resulted in the practice in England and Wales that usually only one award of costs will be awarded in an unsuccessful claim for judicial review. 4 In New Zealand there is no such well-established practice — it is a matter of applying the discretion in r 14.1. Additional respondents who support a decision-maker can be awarded costs, or receive a partial award of costs, depending on the circumstances.
Not all judicial review claims are of this character, however. Some claims may involve challenges to decisions made by bodies exercising judicial, or quasi-judicial functions in underlying proceedings. 5 A judicial review challenge advanced in this context will not usually involve the decision-maker actively defending the decision. The position is analogous to a subsequent appeal of decisions of such tribunals or other bodies to the High Court. 6 The decision-maker does not usually actively defend the decision as this would involve it entering the fray. 7 The parties to the underlying proceedings will be the active respondents for such appeals and judicial review claims. This is reflected in s 9 of the Judicial Review Procedure Act 2016, as all parties to an underlying proceeding are required to be named as respondents. 8 Decision making bodies can nevertheless be permitted to appear and make submissions in such cases when there are issues of principle, such as the interpretation of that body's statute, in issue. These cases are closer in kind to the normal civil proceedings regulated by the detailed rules in Part 14. These principles generally apply notwithstanding the different provisions that regulate the involvement of parties. 9
There are various other potential contexts in which judicial review claims are advanced which do not fit neatly into either the categories described above. That is a further reason why the discretion contemplated by r 14.1 may be of greater relevance in determining costs in judicial review claims. The points made above involve generalisations, but they are nevertheless important underlying principles.
Rongotai's first argument here is that costs should not be awarded at all as the true respondent to the claim was the Land Valuation Tribunal itself which does not seek costs.
The Tribunal itself did not participate in the application because it would not likely have been appropriate for it to do so. When the Attorney-General appeared to advance submissions I asked counsel to explain his role. Counsel said that this was done because the application involved allegations relating to a judicial officer. His participation was on that basis. But the Attorney-General does not fulfil the role of defending the substantive decisions of the Tribunal. As described at [7] above, it is the parties to the underlying proceedings that are the active respondents....
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